糖尿病的併發症:

Posted in Diabete on 六月 21, 2009 by drmhc

糖尿病如果末經控制或控制不好,在短期內或長時間內都可能發生不良的併發症。

1           急性:

1.1          糖尿病昏迷:血糖過高(如酮酸中毒、高血糖高滲透壓非酮性昏迷),或血糖過低(低血糖症),皆能使人陷於昏迷狀態。

1.2          易受細菌感染:而生肺炎、尿道炎、結核病、菌血症和皮膚經常化膿等。

2           慢性:

2.1            大血管病變: 腦、心臟及足部等部位的動脈硬化可造成腦中風、心肌梗塞及足部病變;足部的血液供應減少,造成間歇跛行、足部冰冷、感覺異常、足部易感染、傷口癒合慢。約有一半的截肢病人屬糖尿病病人。

2.2            眼睛的病變:糖尿病是造成成人失明的主因。糖尿病會引起眼睛病變,嚴重者可導致失明。如能及早預防和治療,60%可避免失明的發生,故病人每年最少檢查眼睛一次。可能的眼睛病變包括:

2.2.1       白內障:糖尿病人發生白內障和青光眼都較非糖尿病人高出一倍,且均可以手術加以治療。

2.2.2       青光眼: 眼壓增高,傷害視神經引致失明。

2.2.3       糖尿病視網膜病變: 視網膜血管病變。糖尿病眼睛病變中以視網膜病變對視力的威脅最大,糖尿病控制愈差或發病時間愈久的人,愈容易發生視網膜病變。視網膜位於眼球後方,由無數的感光細胞組成,是眼球感應外界景物的主要部分,感光細胞 將訊息經由視神經傳到大腦,使我們就看到眼前的景物。因糖尿病使視網膜上豐富的小血管受到傷害,引致血管缺血及液體滲出,影響了感光細胞的功能,視力自然受損,嚴重時,因缺血導致視網膜上許多脆弱小血管的增生,這些新生血管容易 破裂出血,而因血塊收縮結疤等併發症,導致視網膜剝離而終至失明。視網膜病變大致可分為:

2.2.3.1       非增殖性視網膜病變: 為早期病變,視網膜上的小血管形成血管瘤,並出現血管體液滲出,視網膜點狀出血及水腫等變化。其中以黃斑部病變較嚴重,因黃斑部是感光細胞最集中的地方,因此是視力最好的地方,如果發生病變,影響視力很大。

2.2.3.2       增殖性視網膜病變: 視網膜上新生血管形成。

2.2.3.3       視網膜病變大多可在早期以雷射治療,雖然雷射治療不能恢復已失去的視力,但可阻止血管繼續滲出液體,減少發生失明60 %。每年由眼科醫師做一次眼底檢查是及早發現視網膜病變的最好方法。此外,良好的血糖控制亦可延緩眼底病變的惡化。

2.3            神經病變:糖尿病神經病變,包括:運動、感覺及自主神經病變三種。

2.3.1       運動神經病變會引起病人小塊肌肉萎縮,力量失衡,足部變形,及足壓增加等。感覺神經病變可以造成病人手腳發痲、刺痛,症狀時好時壞,尤其晚上症狀會加劇,須靠止痛藥及一些抗憂鬱劑來減輕疼痛。

2.3.2       此外,感覺神經病變常使病人腳部、腿部及指頭對震動、溫度、及痛的感覺日漸喪失,最後完全喪失感覺。

2.3.3       自主神經病變則使病人汗腺失去功能,皮膚乾裂,容易感染。而且自主神經病變也可影響到內臟自主神經,造成消化障礙,男性性器勃起功能障礙而造成性無能等,病人應到泌尿科檢查再作進一步治療。

2.4       足部病變

2.4.1  由於感覺神經病變常使病人腳部、腿部及指頭對震動、溫度、及痛的感覺日漸喪失,最後完全喪失感覺。因而會忽略腳部的小傷口,直到傷口發炎變得嚴重時才發覺,但因糖尿病患者常合併足部血管病變,使腳部的血流變差,血管缺氧阻塞,加上糖尿病病人因血糖升高造成病人白血球功能較差且提供細菌繁殖的環境,故容易造成細菌感染(常可在傷口中培養出兩種以上細菌) ,足部易發生潰瘍、壞疽、傷口難以癒合而造成截肢的悲劇。而在截肢後五年內,約有一半病人的另一腿也難逃截肢命運。如感染侵犯深部肌腱、骨骼、或沿肌膜蔓延,則有生命危險。由此可見足部病變對糖尿病人及整個社會都有極大威脅。是故各國對糖尿病足部病變都投入大量心力,希望透過衛教、早期診斷、及早期治療,以減少截肢的危害。

2.5            腎臟病變:引起水腫、蛋白尿、血壓上升等症狀,甚至腎衰竭引起尿毒症,而需要終生洗腎。每年有許多人患末期腎臟病變,必須靠洗腎或換腎來維持生命。糖尿病即為引起末期腎臟病變最常見的原因。一般而言,糖尿病患者約有三分之一會產生糖尿病末期腎臟病變,需接受血液透析治療。不旦影響病人的生活品質,也令政府花費許多醫療資源。

2.5.1       腎臟就像特殊的下水道系統,由無數的小血管連接著許多腎絲球,腎絲球就像過濾器,把一些流經腎絲球血液內有用的物質保留,無用或過多的物質則過濾出去,並排出體外。

2.5.2       糖尿病腎病變初期主要發生在腎絲球小血管部份,血中一些蛋白質會漏至尿液中。當至較後期時,腎臟即無法清理血中有害物質如尿素氮及肌酸干等,乃造成血中尿素氮及肌酸干的上升。

2.5.3       糖尿病腎病變,可分為五個時期:

2.5.3.1       第一期(高過濾及肥大期):血液流經腎臟和腎絲球的量(腎絲球濾過率) 增加,腎臟較正常人大。

2.5.3.2       第二期(靜止期):腎絲球濾過率仍高於正常,但腎絲球基底膜開始增厚,間質增加。在壓力下少量的白蛋白會流失到尿中,流失量每分鐘超過正常人的20微克,這種現象時有時無,稱為微白蛋白尿。要偵測尿中微白蛋白量需做特別檢查,一般市售的小便試紙是不可以偵測得到的。

2.5.3.3       第三期(腎病變初始期或持續微白蛋白尿期):尿中白蛋白流失率在每分鐘20微克到200微克之間且持續存在,此時一些病人血壓會升高。

2.5.3.4       第四期(腎病變明顯期):尿中白蛋白流失率大於每分鐘200微克,用一般尿液試紙即可偵測到,故本期又稱試紙蛋白尿陽性期或臨床白蛋白尿期。此時病人血壓大多上升。腎絲球開始關閉,故腎絲球濾過率開始下降,血中肌酸干及尿素氮開始上升。臨床上以腎絲球濾過率高低可再分為:早期(腎絲球濾過率每分鐘在130-70之間)、中期(腎絲球濾過率每分鐘在 70-30之間)、及晚期(腎絲球濾過率每分鐘在30-10之間)。

2.5.3.5       第五期(末期腎臟病變或尿毒症期):病患進入腎臟病變末期,腎絲球全面關閉,腎絲球濾過率每分鐘低於10ml,腎衰竭的症狀產生,需接受透析或腎移植治療。此時病人血壓很高,但洗腎可控制。

2.5.3.6       上述病變從第一期進行至第四期平均約需17年時間,至末期腎病變約需23年,但如果病人的血壓及血糖未加以適當控制,則整個過程可縮短為5至10年,可見高血壓(指收縮壓大於140毫米汞柱,或舒張壓大於90毫米汞柱者)及高血糖(血糖高於140 mg/dl者)對糖尿病腎病變之影響。況且高血壓與腎病變互有因果關係,二者形成惡性循環,因此糖尿病病人出現輕微的高血壓,就應及早治療。抗高血壓藥物以選擇不影響血糖,血脂及干擾低血糖症狀之出現者為理想藥物。目前已知降血壓藥物中血管張力素轉換酵素抑制劑(ACEI)及鈣離子通道阻斷劑已被證實能有效預防及減緩糖尿病腎病變的進展。ACEI除了降低血壓外,也對腎絲球有直接保護作用,能減輕蛋白尿的程度,甚至對沒有高血壓的病人也有幫助。但必須注意其可能之副作用如腎功能之退化,低血糖症,高血鉀症,及咳嗽等。故病人切勿自行服用抗高血壓藥物而必須經醫師評估後使用。

2.5.3.7       另外,低蛋白飲食亦能減緩糖尿病腎病變的進展,對患者有幫忙,故糖尿病腎病變患者應接受營養師或醫師的建議,調整飲食中蛋白質的份量。此外,嚴格的血糖控制,也能減緩腎病變的進行。

2.6          糖尿病若早期發現、治療,可控制病情,減少併發症的發生。患者至少每年要接受l~2次併發症的檢查。

糖尿病的病因分類

Posted in Diabete on 六月 21, 2009 by drmhc

1.    胰島素依賴型糖尿病:  由於先天上的體質,受到病毒或化學藥物等的作用後,經由自體免疫機轉破壞胰臟內製造胰島素的細胞。又稱第一型糖尿病,從前稱為幼年型糖尿病。如果不注射胰島素,容易陷入

2.        非胰島素依賴型糖尿病:  由於先天上的原因,製造胰島素的細胞逐漸消失。肥胖的病人食量大,對於胰島素的需求增加,會加速這些細胞的衰竭。又稱第二型糖尿病,過去稱為成人型糖尿病。

糖尿病的診斷

Posted in Diabete on 六月 21, 2009 by drmhc

如果有下列3種情形之一,即可診斷為糖尿病:

1.        空腹八小時以上,其血漿葡萄糖濃度有二次≧126mg/dl(正常人少於100mg/dl,以往定為110 mg/dl,但2003年12月最新修正為100 mg/dl),如大於 100但小於126mg/dl則稱為空腹葡萄糖障礙(Impaired Fasting Glucose, IFG)。

2.        有高血糖症狀時,如果隨機血漿糖濃度等於或高於2OOmg/dl。出現典型的糖尿病症狀如多尿、多渴、多吃、不明原因的體重減輕,而其任意血漿葡萄糖濃度有二次≧2OOmg/dl。

3.        口服葡萄糖耐量試驗,其二小時血漿葡萄糖濃度≧200mg/dl(二次)即為糖尿病。(正常為14Omg/dl以下,如≧14Omg/dl但<2OOmg/dl則稱為「葡萄糖耐量異常(Impaired Glucose Tolerance, IGT)」)。(目前IFG與IGT都被視為「葡萄糖調控障礙」,均算是「糖尿病前期」)

糖尿病的預防保健:

Posted in Diabete on 六月 21, 2009 by drmhc

 

l           2004年美國糖尿病學會專家委員會建議符合以下情形者應接受糖尿病的篩檢:

l           年齡在45歲以上(如果篩檢正常應每三年再篩檢一次)。

l           年齡在45歲以下但有下列情形者:

n           肥胖:體重≧120%理想體重或體質指數(BMI)≧25kg/㎡。

n           一等親有糖尿病史(父母或兄弟姊妹)。

n           高危險種族,如西班牙裔、非裔美人、亞裔美人、或美洲土著。

n           有妊娠糖尿病史,或新生兒體重超過9磅的母親。

n           高血壓(成人血壓≧140/90㎜Hg)。

n           高密度膽固醇濃度≦35mg/dl或三酸甘油脂≧250mg/dl。

n           有「空腹葡萄糖障礙」或「葡萄糖耐量異常」病史。

n           多發性卵巢囊腫病人。

n           沒有運動習慣者。

n           有血管性疾病者。

篩檢方法可採用口服葡萄糖耐量試驗或空腹血漿葡萄糖測定。
如果空腹血漿糖≧100但<126 mg/dl者,應該接受口服葡萄糖試驗以確定診斷。在口服葡萄糖試驗後二小時如果血漿糖≧200 mg/dl即為糖尿病,如≧14Omg/dl但<2OOmg/dl則為「葡萄糖耐量異常」。

How Does Diabetes Affect Erection Quality?

Posted in Diabete, Erectile Dysfunction on 九月 29, 2008 by drmhc

Diabetes, like high cholesterol and high blood pressure, can contribute to changes in erections because it impacts blood flow, which is critical to healthy erectile function. Diabetes can lead to the thickening of your arteries. A thick artery leaves less space for blood to flow through. Since not enough blood is getting to the penis to create an erection, this may cause erectile problems. In fact, more than half of the men with diabetes will, over time, experience decreased erectile function.

When the glucose (sugar) levels in the blood are not properly controlled, the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) is greater than if they are kept under control. ED is also known to occur at an earlier age in diabetic men than in nondiabetic men.

It’s natural and normal to want a healthy sex life, so if you have diabetes and think you might have issues with erection quality, talk to your doctor about LEVITRA, a medicine designed to treat ED.

LEVITRA works for many men with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, across all levels of ED severity.

How Does High Blood Pressure Affect Erection Quality?

Posted in Erectile Dysfunction, Hypertension on 九月 29, 2008 by drmhc

Because it is a condition that interferes with blood flow, high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is frequently associated with erectile dysfunction (ED).

Difficulty getting and keeping an erection that lasts long enough to have successful sex is known as ED. Some men have trouble getting an erection in the first place, while others have difficulty keeping one. And these problems may occur frequently or just occasionally.

High blood pressure is high pressure (tension) in the arteries. Arteries are the “pipes” that carry blood from the pumping heart to all of the tissues and organs of the body. When blood pressure is high
(140/90 mm Hg or over) for a long time, these “pipes” get stiff or narrow, which keeps the blood from flowing easily throughout the body. Blood flow is critical to healthy erectile function.

But there is a way to improve erectile function, even if you have high blood pressure. Ask your doctor about LEVITRA, a medication designed to treat ED by increasing the blood flow that affects getting and keeping an erection that lasts long enough to have successful sex.

How Does High Cholesterol Affect Erection Quality?

Posted in Erectile Dysfunction, Hypercholesterolemia on 九月 28, 2008 by drmhc

High cholesterol is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). The risk of ED is nearly two times greater in men with total cholesterol levels above 240 than in men with total cholesterol levels below 180.
Difficulty getting and keeping an erection that lasts long enough to have successful sex is known as ED. Some men have trouble getting an erection in the first place, while others have difficulty keeping one. And these problems may occur frequently or just occasionally.
If there is too much cholesterol in your body, it sticks to the walls of the arteries. When cholesterol builds up, it creates a smaller opening for blood to pass through. This leads to less blood flow to the penis, which can create erectile problems.

It’s natural and normal to want a healthy sex life, so if you think your high cholesterol may be affecting the quality of your erections, talk to your doctor about LEVITRA, a medication designed to help treat mild to severe ED.

Further help and advice

Posted in Erectile Dysfunction on 九月 7, 2008 by drmhc

Don’t forget, 40% of men over 40 have experienced some form of erection problems – so you’re not alone. Below you will find details of a variety of websites and support groups that provide a range of information and services related to sexual problems and impotence.

For free information and advice for
partners of men with erectile dysfunction
visit www.lovelifematters.co.uk

ED treatment options

Posted in Erectile Dysfunction on 九月 7, 2008 by drmhc

There are a number of different erectile dysfunction treatments available and you should talk to your doctor/nurse about one that’s right for you – even if you have tried one in the past. Lifestyle changes such as increasing exercise, losing weight and stopping smoking are all beneficial in helping treat your condition.

The treatment table below will show you some of the options available. You can discuss these options and your preferences with your doctor.

The variios treatments for erectile dysfunction.

Let’s TREAT ED
Treatment type Product How long does it take to work Duration of effect Maximum recommended dosing Most Common side effects (over 10%) Food interactions
Oral tablets

  • In order for these medications to work, sexual stimulation is required.
  • Alcohol may effect erections. Avoid excessive alcohol with oral treatments.
Product 1 At least 30 minutes Up to 36 hours after dosing Once per day as needed Headache, indigestion Can be taken with or without food
Product 2 Approximately 25 minutes to 1 hour For 4-5 hours after dosing Once per day as needed Headache, facial flushing Can be taken with or without food. A high fat meal may delay onset
Product 3 Approximately 1 hour For 4-5 hours after dosing Once per day as needed Headache, facial flushing Food may delay onset
Injections or insertion

  • These are injected into the penis or inserted using a special applicator – usually just before sexual intercourse to produce an erection.
  • You should discuss all possible side effects with your doctor/nurse.
Product 1 Not specified Not exceeding 1 hour (dose dependent) No more than once daily or 3 times per week Penile pain No interaction with food
Product 2 5-10 minutes after administration 30 minutes to 1 hour No more than twice daily in 24 hours (or 7 times in 7 days) Urethal burning, penile pain No interaction with food
Product 3 About 5-15 minutes after the injection Dose can be adjusted to give erection lasting 1 hour No more than once per day, 2 or 3 times per week (with 24 hours between injections) Burning sensation, pain/tension in penis or site of injection No interaction with food
Vacuum pumps

  • These work by drawing blood into the penis making it erect.
  • A constriction ring is then placed around the base of the penis to trap the blood and maintain the erection.
There are 10 different vacuum pumps available Immediate Not exceeding 30 minutes (remove ring) Use as often as required- but at least 1 hour interval between each treatment Discomfort, bruising of penis No interaction with food
Counselling
  • All men with sexual dysfunction would benefit from counselling and it should be an integral
    part of treatment.
  • Your doctor may be able to act as your counsellor.
  • If your doctor feels you will benefit from specialist counselling, your doctor will be able to recommend one known to them.
Hormone
treatment
  • It is rare, but some men with sexual dysfunction receive hormones for their erection problem.
  • This does depend on the cause of the problem as well as other factors.
Surgery
  • Two types of surgery are available.They are usually only necessary if counselling or medical treatments haven’t worked or are not suitable.
  • The most common surgical procedure is prosthetic implants, which involves the insertion of artificial rods into the penis.
  • The second surgical technique involves repairing the blood vessels of the penis in men who have had an injury that has caused poor blood flow.
  • Your doctor will be the best person to advise you as to whether this is a suitable option for you.
You may or may not be eligible to receive treatment on the NHS. Your doctor will advise you.In the majority of cases, erectile dysfunction can be treated, so you should do something about it and get it checked out as soon as possible.Do you realise that there are a number of different erectile dysfunction treatments available from your doctor?

Remember different erectile dysfunction treatments work in different ways so it’s worth asking your doctor about this. Understanding the main differences between them could help you find a suitable treatment.

What causes erectile dysfunction?

Posted in Erectile Dysfunction on 九月 7, 2008 by drmhc

The cause of ED is often an underlying illness
All men should take any erection problem seriously. It is now widely accepted that, in most cases, the cause of impotence is a physical one – a common symptom of other illnesses, which include diabetes, high blood pressure or nerve damage. So, for this reason it is particularly important to get ED checked out.

Remember, around 1 in 10 men in the UK have an erection problem so you are not alone and getting it checked out by a doctor is the first, most important step in dealing with this. Also, try to follow the advice given here in the 4t ACTION PLAN.

Some of the Major Causes of ED

Vasculare.g. diabetes, heart disease
Post-operative e.g. prostate surgery
Medicatione.g. a side effect of another drug
Psychologicale.g. stress or emotional problems
Other illnessese.g. nerve problems, trauma

In many cases there will usually be a combination of both physical and psychological factors. ED is unlikely to go away without treatment, so you really should get it checked out today

Given that Erectile Dysfunction is a common symptom of other illnesses, it is important to study the 4t ACTION PLAN and then talk to your doctor / nurse – make an appointment today

Erectile Dysfunction, sex and diabetes
Diabetes can damage the nerves, the erectile tissue and small blood vessels in the penis, as well as other tissues in the body. Read more about diabetes and erectile dysfunction.

What Are the Causes of Erectile Dysfunction (ED)?
Getting and keeping an erection that lasts long enough to have successful sex is dependent on the blood flowing smoothly and easily through the penis. Any health condition that interferes with the blood flow to the penis may lead to ED. Men with high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes are at greater risk for ED than men who do not have these conditions.Many other medical, physical, and lifestyle issues can also affect a man’s ability to get or keep an erection, including:

  • Smoking
  • Lack of exercise
  • Obesity
  • Heavy drinking
  • Side effects from medication
  • Lack of sleep
  • Stress
  • Depression
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Prostate surgery

There’s a medicine that can help treat mild to severe ED. Ask your doctor if it is right for you.